Group+Two

 =Windrush 2009: A Jamaican Cultural Immersion =


 When the Windrush docked in Great Britain the cultural landscape was forever altered. The Jamaican people and their culture would go on to influence and Britain and it's inhabitants. The Jamaicans would bring with them their limited physical possessions, and also a wealth and unlimited amount of cultural background. It was unknown at the time that the immigration of the Jamaicans amongst other cultures would have such an enormous impact. Jamaicans began to influence the British culture through many different ways. Jamaican artists brought along their talent and knowledge of Jamaican landscaping and culture to change the artistic views in the Britain. Musical influences from back on the island began to integrate into the British culture as well. Musical icons from Jamaica began to emerge as talented artists as well. Jamaican culture did not stop there, the cultures diverse cuisine began to slowly integrate itself into British culture along with Jamaican film and religion. Great Britain probably did not realize the tremendous impact that the Windrush would have on it. Jamaicans forever altered the culture and history of Great Britain.


 Art can be a main passage to a cultures identity; for Jamaican’s this statement holds much validity and truth. Art is a form of expressing oneself, and through many artists interpretations, we are able to get a sense of cultural background. Jamaican art is influenced by African Characteristics, and is echoed by the beautiful island scenery itself. David Hew suggests that “the line of creative energy known as Afro-Caribbean art represents a people who have struggled to find their own identity while living with the intense influences of various ‘mother countries. Jamaica exhibits this process through which these island cultures have defined themselves as distinct through, among other things, the creation of an artistic identity." Jamaica was highly influenced by other countries, in particularly by Britain. These influences not only had impacts on their daily lives, but cultural aspects such as art, as well.

Many of the Jamaican artists began creating pieces through sculpting. Many artists were self taught, and considered of lower class. Hew suggests that these initial creators were able to embody African aspects of culture into their art creations. On the contrary he also says that many upper class artists were formally taught on the basis of art, and began creating artwork from the influence of their European instructors. Jamaican artistis have been recognized in Britain along with in their homeland Jamaica.

“There have been several exhibits of Jamaican art in London, among them ‘Jamaican Intuitives,’ held at the Commonwealth Institute. Others, such as ‘New World Imagery,’ organized by the Hayward Gallery in London, have circulated through a number of English cities. All these, however, have presented the art on display within a purely Jamaican context” (Three Moments ). After the influence that Britain had on the Jamaican culture, it is easy to see how the influences would show through in a cultural art form. Art can represent a culture and it’s identities in many different ways; for the Jamaican’s art could have been an expression of the culture that they left behind when going to Britain. Edna Manley was born to a British father and Jamaican mother. She was married to husband Norman Manley, a politician that helped Jamaica gain its independence from Britain. Manley was one of the first recognized Jamaican artists; often being referred to as “the mother of Jamaican art” (Archer-Straw ). When she first set foot on Jamaican soil, she criticized the local artists for their artwork, claiming that it lacked cultural identity of the Jamaican black people. Manley found her niche in sculpting, using materials of the land to create her masterpieces. She sculpted throughout her entire artistic career, even up until her death at age 87. Archer-Straw said that since most of the current artists of the time were influenced by Europeans, Manley felt that the art was lacking in cultural aspects of the area and people. Manley was the instigator of the Jamaican identity in art, and cultural expression. A countries art should reflect its cultural identity, and that is exactly what Jamaican art began to do. media type="youtube" key="4MWVQZAGCoE" height="344" width="425"

media type="youtube" key="x5LjdMi3b3k" height="344" width="425"  (Edna Manley Sculpture) http://scholar.library.miami.edu/emancipation/images/jamaica2_2a.jpg

 =__**Literature:** __ =  Literature by Jamaican immigrants in the UK flourished in the late 1940's and early 1950's after the arrival of the Wind Rush in 1948. Immigrants had a hard time adjusting to the challenge of living in Britain which did not live up the the expectations that had been built up in the colonized West Indies. Some issues that were common and seemingly universal included the lack of adequate housing, lack of jobs and racial and cultural discrimination (Wambu).

In the late 1950's these struggles were highlighted within the literature as people were inspired to use the process of writing as a coping mechanism. The 1958 riots at Nothing Hill began when white youths attacked a white woman Majbritt Morrison because she was married to a Jamaican immigrant and ended only after three hundred plus whites attacked homes of West Indian immigrants over a period of six days (Haynes 142). Those riots led to the Caribbean Arts Movement which began in 1966. The writers involved with said movement were impassioned in regards to the lives and art of West Indian immigrants. There were also inspired by The Black Panther movement and literature, as well as other authors with similar sentiment in regards to civil rights.(Wambu). media type="youtube" key="Ln0uhBSCnZM" height="344" width="425"

In the 1970s the first generation of British immigrants born within the United Kingdom were started to use literature to expressed feeling like an outcast despite the fact they were native to the UK and still feeling ostracized within the society they had been born into. The racial tensions were still evident to this new generation of people. In 1980 the black writing community flourished and the African Carribean Education Resource (ACER) was founded.Soon after dub poetry evolved and is still popular today (Wambu). Some well know dub poets include Linton Kwasi Johnson and Benjamin Zephaniah.

**Honored Guests to Include: ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Linton Kwesi Johnson was born in Jamaica in 1952 and migrated to the UK with his mother in 1963. In 1970 he joined the Black Panthers where he organized writing workshops, most of which focused on poetry. Throughout his life time he has been involved with many organizations including, but not solely, Rasta Love, and the Race Today Collective. He is considered the father of dub poetry, a genre in which poems are recited or sung with musical accompaniment. He started his own record company, LKJ, in the 1980’s and had recorded many albums, as well as having five published books (Forbes). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">media type="youtube" key="JHib_YBPcBQ" height="344" width="425" <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Jean “Binta” Breeze was born in 1957 in Jamaica. In the 1970’s she began to seriously write poetry and record her dub poetry in London and Kingston after traveling to the UK with Linton Kwesi Johnson. Since then she has been involved in theater, television and the music industry in addition to having many books published. She broke into what was considered to be the male genre of dub poetry and has been shaping it ever since (Proctor).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: center; display: block;">media type="youtube" key="O5Q3Pe4YGMs" height="344" width="425" <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

media type="youtube" key="fSvvKPlwZHE" height="344" width="425" <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Zadie Smith was born in London in 1975. Her father was of English descent while her mother was an immigrant from Jamaica. After graduating from Cambridge with an English degree in 1997, she went on to write her first novel, //White Teeth//, which has gained global media attention and bestselling status. Since writing //White Teeth//, Smith has written two more novels as well as contributed short stories to various anthologies and edited her own (Ellam)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

Alex Wheatle was born in London to Jamaican parents and spent much of his child hood in foster care. Because of his upbringing many of his works revolve around ideas pertaining to family and race. He is most famous for his first novel, <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Brixton Rock//, written in 1999, is the e story of a sixteen year old boy and the experiences he faces growing up as a product of a mixed relationship. Since his first break out novel, Wheatle has been a part of my collaborative works as well as having written a five more novels (“Alex Wheatle”).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="display: block; font-size: 130%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: center;">Film:
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> The first feature length Jamaican film, //The Harder They Come//, debuted in February 1973. Directed by Perry Henzell, the film is centered around a reggae musician who turns to a life of dealing drugs to both support himself and to get his records made. It struggled at the box office until released as a midnight movie when, perhaps due to the subject matter, it become more popular. In 2005 it was adapted as a stage musical by the Theatre Royal Stratford East and UK Arts Productions in London. Henzell attempted to create another film but quickly ran out of funding. He did however eventually go back to complete his second film //No Place Like Home// in 2006.

Ras Kassa a music video director is the first Jamaican actively sought out to shoot videos for international artists. His credits include working with: Stephen Marley, Willie Nelson, Beenie Man, and Sean Paul among others. Unique for a Jamaican director his videos have premiered on both MTV and CNN. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

media type="youtube" key="GC6bgf0WG9c" height="344" width="425" <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

Jamaica is also a well sought after destination for other filmmakers as it has a lush natural foliage. Some films that have been shot in Jamaica are: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//20,000 Leagues Under the Sea// (1954) //The Blue Lagoon// (1980) //Cocktail// (1988) //Cool Runnings// (1993) //Dr. No// (1962) //How Stella Got Her Groove Back// (1998) //Live and Let Die// (1973) //Lord of the Flies// (1990) //Wide Sargasso Sea// (1993)

Due to the high price of filming costs Jamaica has never seen a true renaissance of filmmaking, however there are stand out titles that have proven popular, such as the aforementioned <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//The Harder They Come//, 1997s //Dancehall Queen//, and 1999s //Third World Cop//. With support however fledgling and eager Jamaican filmmakers could develop into World-Class filmmakers.

Here's a brief promo trailer for Perry Henzell's <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//The Harder They Come//: media type="youtube" key="zqXpmM3n6AM" height="344" width="425" <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 130%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="display: block; font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: center;">**Jamaican Music:**

The Windrush landed in Britain in 1948, and with it came a world of new people and cultures. One of these migrant groups were the people from Jamaica, and the Jamaicans brought with them many new ideas and customs to Britain, as well as a new and interesting music revolution. According to the article entitled "The History of Jamaican Music 1959-1973," the beginning of Jamaican music in Britain can be traced to the beginning of Ska in the late 1950s. Ska was very popular amoung Jamaican youth, and it spread throughout Great Britain. Three record labels began to release Jamaican music in the United Kingdom by 1962, and Jamaican artists started to learn that they could sell more records in Britain than in Jamaica. An article written on wikipedia states that a chart topper in both the U.K. and the United States was “My Boy Lollipop” by Jamaican teen Millie Small. Here is a clip of a television performance of her hit song. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> media type="youtube" key="ZCUcbRTB6Rs" height="344" width="425" <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> After nearly half a decade, musicians and audiences were searching for something new, which led to the birth of rock steady. Rock steady took ska music and made it slower, which provided for more laid-back dancing (Romer). Popular rock steady artists of the late 1960s were Alton Ellis, The Gaylads and The Melodians (Romer). media type="youtube" key="20WHTLGft2U" height="344" width="425" <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> media type="youtube" key="ai2CL6rlP-w" height="344" width="425" The first video is Alton Ellis's version of "I'm Still in Love With You," and the second video is a 2004 remake of his song by contemporary Jamaican artist Sean Paul

As the 1960s came to a close, and the excitement of rocksteady began to dwindle, new forms of Jamaican music were on the rise. The 1970s brought about two other great Jamaican music styles: Reggae and Dub. Wikipedia states, that Reggae is a combination of American soul music with a traditional shuffle, as well as a small portion of Jamaican mento, which is a type of folk music. Reggae music was a huge success around the world, and it was during this time that Reggae legend, Bob Marley, released his music. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

Dub music was a branch of reggae, and it brought about the beginning of the remix. Many of the remixed songs would rely on a strong bass guitar, and the vocals and other instruments would come in and out throughout the song. Since this time, Jamaican music has changed subtly, but always seems to gravitate back to its roots. Reggae music is still the most popular genre of Jamaican music, and there are quite a number of successful Jamaican artists producing music today. Music is still a vital aspect to Jamaican culture, especially in Great Britain, and these last few decades have shown tremendous growth and have created great hits. Jamaican music has produced some of the greatest music the world has seen in just merely half a century, and it shows no sign of slowing down. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

**Food:**   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Food is an important part of any cultural identity. The Jamaican immigrants that came to Great Britain on the Windrush brought aspects of their culture with them, this included food. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

Some main staples in Jamaican food are red beans and rice. Jamaican is a compilation of food from other cultures; it is “a hybrid cuisine, a mix of Arawak (corn and hot peppers), Spanish (chicken, coconut, ginger) and Indian (curry). Staples include curry chicken in roti (the flat Indian bread), brown stew fish and oxtail” (Louie). Jamaican food is notorious for its marinades. Almost every main dish is marinated for long time before it is cooked; this adds depth to the flavor of whatever is being cooked. Jamaican dishes tend to be named after they way they are cooked, for example, jerk pork, steam fish, or stew chicken (Louie). The simple name is not a reflection of the complex tastes of each of the dishes mentioned. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">


 * Recipe for a Featured Dish** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

[|Jerk Chicken Recipe and Video] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Brown Stew Chicken Total time: 1 hour, plus 3 to 15 hours for marinating Ingredients: 1 3-pound chicken, quartered, excess skin and fat removed 1/4 cup vinegar or lemon juice 1 onion, cut in large dice 3 cloves garlic, coarsely chopped 2 1/2 teaspoons paprika 1 1/2 teaspoons seasoned salt 1/2 teaspoon black pepper 1 plum tomato, coarsely chopped 1/2 cup vegetable oil for frying 4 tablespoons ketchup 2 tablespoons Jamaican Pickapeppa sauce (available at many supermarkets and groceries), or 1 tablespoon soy sauce mixed with 1/2 teaspoon black pepper. Directions: 1. In a large bowl, soak chicken pieces with vinegar or lemon juice and about one quart of water about 5 minutes. Discard the liquid. 2. In a small bowl, combine the onion, garlic, paprika, seasoned salt, pepper and tomato. Stir well, and add to the chicken pieces, coating the chicken evenly. Cover and marinate in refrigerator 3 to 15 hours. 3. In large sauté pan, heat vegetable oil over medium heat. Shake off excess marinade from chicken pieces, then sauté until well browned on all sides, about 15 minutes. Place on paper towels to remove excess oil. 4. Drain all but 1 tablespoon oil from sauté pan. Sauté the marinade until the onions are translucent. Remove from heat. 5. Place chicken in a large covered saucepan, and add marinade, ketchup, Pickapeppa sauce and 1/2 cup water. Stir, cover pan and simmer 20 minutes, or until chicken is thoroughly cooked and nearly falling off the bone. Serve chicken topped with sauce from bottom of pan. Yield: 4 servings. Approximate nutritional analysis per serving: 440 calories, 25 grams fat, 130 milligrams cholesterol, 815 milligrams sodium, 45 grams protein, 13 grams carbohydrate (Jerk Chicken).

Above is an example of one of the dishes that would be served at the festival. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> This a picture of a traditional Jamaican meal: brown stew chicken and red beans and rice.

One of the most famous Jamaican foods is jerk. Jerk is thought to have been influenced by the Arawak Indians’ way of cooking meat. The meat is smoked and spicy, and almost anything can be “jerked,” such as pork, fish, beef or chicken. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

Food is a big part of the Jamaican culture and recipes get passed down from generation to generation. In Great Britain, this helped keep the Jamaican culture alive. In Jamaican neighborhoods West Indian grocery stores began appearing, which solidified the Jamaican influence on food in Great Britain. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

Another popular dish is ackee and saltfish. This is actually Jamaica's national dish made with ackee, a flowering plant in Jamaica that must be cooked properly before consuming or it can be poisonous. However, when harvested and cooked properly, ackee is very nutritious and an essential part of the Jamaican people's diet (Ackee and Saltfish Recipe). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Ackee

__Recipe for Ackee and Saltfish__ <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Serves: 4 <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1 Can of ackee, drained 1/2 lb boneless salt cod 3 tablespoons oil 2 onions, sliced 1/4 teaspoon dried thyme 1/4 scotch bonnet pepper skin finely chopped up 1 small tomato, chopped 3/4 teaspoon tomato paste 1/2 sweet pepper chopped 1/8 teaspoon black pepper <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Directions <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Soak the salt cod in a pot of water overnight to remove most of the salt. If the cod is still very salty, boil in water for 20 minutes. Drain cod and cut or break into small pieces. <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Heat oil in a frying pan. Add the onions, thyme and scotch bonnet pepper, tomato, tomato paste and green peppers. Stir for a few minutes. Add the cod. Stir. Simmer for 5 minutes, then add the can of drained ackee. Do not stir because this will cause the ackees to break up. Cook for a few more minutes then sprinkle with black pepper. <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Best served with bammy, roast breadfruit, fried or cooked dumplings, or fried or cooked plantains, cooked yams and Jamaican sweet potatoes (Recipe for Ackee and Saltfish).

The Festival will feature three prominent chefs competing in a Top Chef style competition (with guest judges Gordon Ramsay and Top Chef judge Tom Colicchio) and later participating in a food demonstration where one chef will cook a traditional Jamaican meal, recipes and step by step instructions will be available for purchase along with traditional Jamaican spices and cookbooks. A chef will also judge a cook off between local participants, the prize is a brand new set of pots generously donated by All Clad. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

Featured Chefs: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**    Nigel Spence** (Jamaica)<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Nigel Spence is one of Jamaica's most famous chefs. He currently owns Ripe Kitchen and Bar in New York. He recently appeared on "Throwdown With Bobby Flay" on the Food Network<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> (Murphy).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**    Paul da Costa Greaves** (West Indian/British-loves West Indian food) Paul da Costa Greaves is a British chef but loves West Indian food. His father is West Indian, and in an [|interview] he mentioned that his favorite Jamaican foods are curried goat, jerk chicken and fried plantains (Hub-UK).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> **David Lawrence** (Jamaican ancestry-from Great Britain) David Lawrence grew up in Great Britain with Jamaican parents. After working with the Roux brothers at their restaurant La Gavroche he was offered a job in San Mateo. He currently is the chef at 1300 on Fillmore in San Francisco.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> **<span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Religion: ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> I. Overview of Jamaican beliefs __** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">As Davidson points out, both school doors and church doors were closed to Africans taken to Jamaica as slaves; however " <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">they carried with them a wide set of their native spiritual beliefs and practices "(Davidson). These beliefs were far more disparate than to form a single religion yet certain basic tenets are present in all of them to varying degrees. Jackson and Mervyn summarize the essence of Africn beliefs as follws: Africans believed that the temporal and the spiritual world are united and that ancestral spirits should be feared and honoured. They thought that there is a hierarchy of spirits in which the most powerful are the oldest, therefore the furthermost removed from the living (Jackson 77-78). Besides its African roots the increasing contact with Christianity shaped Jamaican belief-system; which is not a united under the single aegis of one religion, it is more like a continuum, with Revival Zion at the more Christian end, Pukumina at the more African end. Jamaica is known to have the most churches per square mile than any other country, many of which were established during the first (1841-42) and second Great Revival (1860-61), such as the Anglican Church, the Baptist Ministry, the Methodists or the Pentecoastal Church. Unique to Jamaica is the Rastafarian religion which gained influence from 1962. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> **__<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1. The African Roots __**<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> Two important aspects of the African Jamaican belief-system are the **obeah** and the **myal**. These two concepts and the related ritual behaviours have been retained throughout Jamaican history. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1.1. Obeah-men ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> - as Jackson points out - were required to know "the beats, feedings, dancing habits and methods of controlling large number of gods and ancestral zombies" (Jackson 60). As she observes, the fact that it was considered impossible to become a good obeah-man in less than twenty-five years of active work indicates the prestige of the profession. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Belief in and fear of duppies are also strongly linked with obeah. She goes on to examine the Jamaican concept of ghost or spirit of the dead, which is derived from the African belief that a person has two spirits. When a person dies, one spirit goes to either heaven or to hell, the other; the shadow remains behind at the grave. In this sense, Christianity is similar to African religions; since Christians, too, believe in the survival of a spirit after death and its journey to a kingdom of the spirit. The other spirit, the shadow is thought to belong to the living people. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Obeah had been described by European colonialists as black magic, used to cause harm; in reality it had been used as an integral part of healing services (Jackson 70-75). <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1.2. Myal ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> is a secret ritual based on the belief that the living could be possessed by spirits. Spirit possession is the second aspect of the African-Jamaican belief-system and ritual behaviour that has played a significant role in Jamaican religious development. Myal dance was intended to persuade slaves that they would be invulnerable to the bullets of the white man. In 1784 a freed American slave, George Lisle, settled in Jamaica and founded the Ethiopian Baptist Church, also known as the Native or Black Baptist church. Myal-men became strongly associated with the native Baptist movement. They incorporated two basic elements of the Baptist faith into their belief-system: the inspiration of the Holy Spirit which provided special protection against evil spirits and baptism by immersion in the river (Jackson 70). In 1810 laws were passed which forbade people of African descent to preach. Baptist missionaries from England were called to the island - but the slaves soon turned from the orthodox Baptist approach to the native Baptists. And “although native Baptists perceived themselves to be Christian, their religion had come to resemble myalsism, with an emphasis on personal interaction with spirits” <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">(Jackson 71). <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> Myal is also often described as white magic and represented as the counterpoint of Obeah, black magic but the relationship between the two is more complex than this clear-cut division shows it to be. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">2.1. Revival: revival Zion and Pukumina ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1840s-50s were troubled times in Jamaica, according to Jackson; the country was plagued by disease and natural disasters and the freed slaves had become disillusioned. Jamaican missionaries received news of a Revival movement in Ireland that was spreading to England and America <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">(Jackson 63). She goes on to observe that “ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Jamaican revivalism, born out of the **Great Revival of 1860-61**, is a syncretism of African and Christian beliefs derived from the myal, native Baptists and other non-conformist Christian movements of the 18th, 19th centuries” <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">(Jackson 63). <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> She goes on to examine its two major branches, which differ in terms of ritual, doctrine and the types of spirits that may be invoked. **Zion** is associated with Christian segment of the revival; its followers usually invoke heavenly spirits, angels and saints and other skybound spirits. **Pukumina** is more influenced by African beliefs and concepts. Its followers believe in ground spirits, who are not necessarily considered to be evil. This category includes satanic spirits, fallen angels as well as biblical prophets (Jackson 60-70). <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">2.2. **Rastafarianism** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * __<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * __2. The influence of Christianity__**

Rastafarianism emerged in the 1930s. Rasafarians do not accept the idea of a white messiah and they believe that Ras Tafari, the former leader of Ethiopia is their leader. He was crowned as Haile Selassie, which means “The Power of the Trinity” __(<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">[|www.getjamaica.com] <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">) .__ However, the identification of Ras Tafari is the only consistent tenet of this new religion as now there are more and more groups with no clear doctrines. Rastafarians wear their hair in locks, they are generally free spirited and they believe in that the use of marijuana or Ganja helps them to achieve a state of spiritual illumination. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The most controversial element of Rastafarianism is the use of ganja as part of religious rituals. “ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The term ganja refers to a specially cultivated type of Indian hemp derived from female plants, as opposed to the Mexican-Spanish variety, marijuana. The flowering clusters from the tops of the plants are carefully cut off, producing a resin with special properties capable of producing altered states of consciousness when used in smoking mixtures” <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">( __ rastafarism.free.fr/ganja.html ) __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Pinnacle Commune, a religious organization, founded in the early 1940's, tried to clarify the rites and practices related to the use of Ganja. Smoking ganja is also a form of protest against colonialism. According to Rastafarians, the average Jamaican is “brainwashed by colonialism…and his response to the world is conditioned by unseen forces due to European acculturation”. These attitudes can only be unlearned through the use of the herb <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">( __ rastafarism.free.fr/ganja.html ). __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> In the 18th – 19th centuries, as Davidson writes, obeah became associated with slave revolts, so the colonists established laws that prevented the obeahs from practice – but these laws proved to be too weak as compared to the force of tradition: they only drove its practice underground. Religion for slaves was “the certificate of their identity <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">(Davidson)”. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">As Christian missionaries gained more and more influence obeah-men became even more vilified – as “agents of the incarnate satan” ( <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Jackson-Mervyn 66). <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Christians were so worried about the purity of their fate that in 1810 they enacted laws, which forbade people of African descent to preach. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * __<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">II. Jamaican beliefs from the colonizer’s perspective __** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> ** Schedule Of Events Gates Open at 10am ** <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">** Tent 1 ~ Food ** <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 11am-1pm: // Top Chef Competition <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Contestants: <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Guest Judge: Gordon Ramsay and Tom Colicchio <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 2pm-4pm: // Cooking Demonstration: How to Make a Traditional Jamaican Dinner by Nigel Spence <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 4:30pm-6:30pm: // Local Cook-Off* judged by Paul da Costa Greaves and David Lawrence <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> * see Tent 1 coordinator for entry rules and regulations <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">** Tent 2 ~ Literature ** <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 10:30am-11:50am: // Poetry reading by Jean “Binta” Breeze followed by an amateur poetry contest to be judged by the fore-mentioned poet. <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 12noon-2pm: // Novel Writing Workshop with author Zadie Smith <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 4pm-5pm: // Dub poetry slam MCed by Linton Kwesi Johnson <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 5:30pm-7pm: // Book signing with author Alex Wheatle <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">** Tent 3 ~ Music ** <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 10am-12pm: // Reggae Music Lessons <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Brief tutorials of: <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 12:30pm-1pm: // Performance <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Lesson participants will have the opportunity to perform basic songs they learn during the lesson <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 1:30pm-3pm: // Celebration of Life Ceremony, honoring the late Alton Ellis <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 3:30pm-4:30pm: // Lecture: History of Jamaican music and Bob Marley’s influence. Lecture presented by Marley’s son, Ziggy Marley <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">** Tent 4 – Religion ** <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 10-11:30am: // Introductory lectures on the roots of Jamaican religions. <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 12-1pm: // Experience Obeah and the art of Voodoo. <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 1:30pm-2:30pm // : Ritual dance performance. <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 3pm-3:30pm // : Lecture: Zionism. <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 4pm-5pm // : Open discussion about Rastafarianism as a way of life. <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 5pm-7pm // : Merchandise of religion-related articles. Obeah spells. Future-telling. <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">** Tent 5 ~ ** **Art** <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 11am-6pm: // Edna Manley art exhibit <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 2pm-3:30pm: // Art lecture by Omai Ra <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 3:30pm-4:30 // : pm Omari Ra print signing and silent auction <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">** Tent 6 ~ Film ** <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 10 am – 2 pm // : Film Screenings of <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> The Harder They Come ‘72 <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> No Place Like Home ‘06 <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 2:30-3:30 pm: // Discussion led by Jimmy Cliff, star of The Harder They Come, honoring the deceased director Perry Henzell <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 4:00 – 5:00 pm // : A talk by and discussion with Paul Bucknor creative director of Firefly Films <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// 5:30-7:00pm // : Make Your Own, an opportunity for event –goers to use digital cameras and editing software to better understand the process. <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">** Main Stage: ** <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">5pm-7pm Concert: Musicians to include Sean Paul, Sean Kingston and Rihanna.
 * <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Nigel Spence
 * <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Paul da Costa
 * <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> David Lawrence
 * <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Steel Drums
 * <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Rhythm guitar
 * <span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Bass Guitar

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">__Works Cited:__
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> "Ackee and Saltfish (Cod) Recipe."eatjamaican.com. 21 Nov. 2008<  <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[|http://eatjamaican.com/recipes/ackeeandsaltfish-recipe.html>]   <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">     <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

“Alex Wheatle.” Contemporary Writers. 2008. British Council of Arts. 2 Dec. 2008 <http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth5181C8791187f1FF07sgw2124D73>.

<span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Archer-Straw, Petrine. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"Petrine Archer [.com]". Panmedia Ltd. 28 Oct. 2008   <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.petrinearcher.com/node/42   <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Arvilla Payne-Jackson and Mervyn C. Allende:   //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jamaican Folk Medicine   //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">. University of the West Indies Press. 2004.   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> //<span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"Caribbean music in the United Kingdom." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Nov 2008, 07:54 UTC. 20 Nov. 2008 <    <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caribbean_music_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=250829361   <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">>. // <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"Chef Paul da Costa Greaves of Celebrity Chefs UK". Hub-UK. 29 Oct. 2008 <  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.hub-uk.com/chef-pieces/QandA-paul-da-costa-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">greaves.htm>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">    <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Ellam, Julie. "Zadie Smith." Contemporary Writers. 2007. British Councils of Arts. 1 Dec. 2008 <http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth257>.

Forbes, Peter. "Linton Kwesi Johnson." Contemporary Writers. Vers .British Council of Arts. 1 Dec. 2008 <http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth58>

<span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">    <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"Ganja". Nov 15 2008. <http:   //<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[|rastafarism.free.fr/ganja.html]   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">> // <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> //<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 21px;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"Get Jamaica.com". Worldwide Realtors Company Limited. 20 Oct. 2008 <http://www.getjamaica.com/Jamaican%20Religion.asp>. <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> // <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Haynes, Douglas M. "Teaching Twentieth-Century Black Britain." Radical History Review 87 (2003):139-145. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">     <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">      <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hew, David. "Emancipation The Caribbean Experience". University of Miami. 20 Oct. 2008 <      <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://scholar.library.miami.edu/emancipation/jamaica2.htm   <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">>.

<span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"Jerk Chicken ". JamaicaTravelandCulture.com. 23 Nov. 2008  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.jamaicatravelandculture.com/food_and_drink/jerk_chicken.htm  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lawrence, David. "The Dish: David Lawrence". San Francisco Business Times. 26 Oct. 2008  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2008/04/07/tidbits4.html  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: left; display: block;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: left; display: block;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">LOUIE, ELAINE. "Quest for the Delights Of Jamaica. " New York Times [New York,   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: left; display: block;">  <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">       <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Marcia Davidson:   //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jamaica and religion. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> May 1, 2003."Jamaicans.Com". 22 Oct, 2008. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.jamaicans.com/culture/intro/religions.html    <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">>          <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: left; display: block;">    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Murphy, Xavier. "Interview with Jamaican Chef Nigel Spence". jamaicans.com. 26 Nov. 2008    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.jamaicans.com/articles/primeinterviews/ChefNigelSpenceinterview.shtml  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: left; display: block;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: left; display: block;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">N.Y.] 31 Aug. 1994, Late Edition (East Coast): C.1. ProQuest Newsstand. ProQuest. 31 Oct. 2008   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: left; display: block;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.proquest.com.libproxy.sdsu.edu/ <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: left; display: block;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> //Perry Henzell// : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Henzell

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: left; display: block;"> //<span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Romer, Megan. "Rocksteady 101". About.com. 19 November 2008 <   <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://worldmusic.about.com/od/genres/p/Rocksteady.htm   <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">>. "The Harder They Come" http://www.jamaicatravelandculture.com/the_arts/the_harder_they_come.htm

"Perry Henzell's Interview on Bob Marley" [|http://www.reggae.com/artists/bob_marley/rnm3.ht]   //  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: left; display: block;">  <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Proctor, James. "Jean Binta Breeze." Contemporary Writers. 2008. British Council of Arts.2 Dec. 2008 <http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth169>.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: left; display: block;">   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">   <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">    <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"The History of Jamaican Music 1959-1973." //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jammin Reggae Archives  //. 31 Oct. 2000. The Global Village Idiot. 19 Nov. 2008. <  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.niceup.com/history/ja_music_59-73.html  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">>

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">   <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"Three Moments in Jamaican Art". The Inter-American Development Bank. 28 Oct. 2008 <  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.iadb.org/EXR/cultural/catalogues/jamaica/ENG2.htm  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">   <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Wambu, Onyekachi. "Black British Literature since Windrush." BBC. 1 Jan. 1998. 26 Nov. 2008 <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <   <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/literature_01.shtml   <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">>.

<span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Young, Alison, "Firefly Films - Encouraging and Developing Jamaican Filmmmakers"   <span class="bmw_pubdate">Jan 26, 2007,  http://www.jamaicans.com/news/announcements/FireflyFilmsEncouragJa.shtml <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">